how many lines of code should a function have

Pick your preference. Here are the minimum limits: Procedure LLOC >= 3 One or more statements followed by an end-of-line comment is a line of code. In fact, there are no comment or whitespace lines in line numbered code. Instead of limiting the file length, you may consider limiting the number of procedures in it by setting a maximum limit on the PROCS metric. You may wish to use two limits: a lower warning limit (such as 66) and a higher maximum limit (such as 200). Functions . PEP 8 -- Style Guide for Python Code Basically: Blank Lines Separate top-level function and class definitions with two blank lines. a) Methods should not have more than an average of 30 code lines (not counting line spaces and comments). If the procedure can be split, do it, but it can also be left alone if it works better as a long procedure. A logical line of code is one that contains actual source code. The classification is based on our long-time experience with Visual Basic projects. In VB.NET, multiline comments are not possible. A study by Gorla, Benander and Benander compared debug time against the amount of whitespace lines. Students of the Code.org tutorials (Code Studio) have written 24,707,369,638 lines of code.Is this a lot? Generally, any method longer than ten lines should make you start asking questions. Lines excluded by compiler conditional directives, LLOC'% measures the relative amount of comment lines. Overview [Translations: Belarussian, Bulgarian, Russian, Serbo-Croatian, Slovakian Ukrainian] cloc counts blank lines, comment lines, and physical lines of source code in many programming languages.Given two versions of a code base, cloc can compute differences in blank, comment, and source lines. Exception. Measurement methods. Writing a multiline comment is not a good practice, since you can always write two comment lines separately. You can also estimate the number of defects per 1000 LLOC. Change in Project Analyzer v7.1: MCOMM and MCOMM% values reported by Project Analyzer v7.1 are not comparable to those reported by earlier versions. A meaningful comment is a comment with textual content, even if as short as three consequtive characters. In classic VB, you could (in theory) write a multiline comment using the line continuation character "_". However, it's possible to put several statements on one line by using the colon ":" or writing single-line If..Then statements. Since LLOC is not affected by comments, blanks or line continuation, it's a handy way to measure the amount of the actual programming work. Wow! In this study the optimal amount of blanks was 14% to 20% in DATA DIVISION code and 8% to 16% in PROCEDURE DIVISION code. Move the commands that were already inside the function inside the loop instead-- In other words "wrap a loop around the existing lines of code that are inside the function. An overhead power line is a structure used in electric power transmission and distribution to transmit electrical energy across large distances. Using lines of code to compare a 10,000-line project to a 100,000-line project is far more useful than when comparing a 20,000-line project with a 21,000-line project. The line can be a constant or a global variable declaration, for example. For classic VB, the LINES metric, along with every other line count, excludes the (invisible) class and form declaration lines at the start of .frm and .cls files. In a summary, LLOC counts all logical lines except the following: LLOC is a good measure of the size of your program. you say in amazement as you stagger back trying to regain your balance. Using many lines in a function or a file. This also suggests that more whitespace should be used in data declarations than in executable code. Some useful limits are: Physical line counts are quite easy: that's simply the regular lines count. Thus if you bear with me, you might find this code useful to you. Thus, all executable lines, as well as declarative lines, are counted in LLOC. (This happens because it isn't easy to programmatically distinguish real comments from commented-out code. ) A blank comment or a comment with only punctuation doesn't have a meaning, so it is not counted as meaningful comment. A comment in VB is a statement that starts with a apostrophe (') or the REM statement. To avoid too long procedures, you might want to set a maximum limit to LINES for procedures. Most programming languages provide many built in functions that would otherwise require many steps to accomplish, for example computing the square root of a number. T��� Programs with fewer or more blanks required more debug time. Only source files are included in the line counts. LLOCt measures the lines in a call tree. It's not a code line (LLOC=0). A regular class, on the other hand, should always have at least 3 lines. There's an exception: Attibute statements are not counted when they're part of a module header, that is, they exist at the start of a file before any source code. A procedure, class or file should not be empty. In classic VB, an interface class can have empty methods containing just 2 lines of code. Exceptionally high LLOC' or MCOMM may indicate the presence of a large amount of commented-out code. It consists of one or more uninsulated electrical cables (commonly multiples of three for three-phase power) suspended by towers or poles.. What is more, it is a good estimate of the complexity of a single file, class or procedure. When you add features, LLOC increases. Any function that has more than 10 lines is just too long. Implementing a feature in VB6 may require more effort (or maybe less) than what it would take in VB.NET. My dream scenario is for all of my methods to have 4-5 lines at most. You should always break long code into smaller chunks that can be tested and managed separately. Compiler directives (#const, #if etc.) you now have three copies of the same code). Here is our suggestion for classification of Visual Basic project sizes. You can also have a minimum limit so as to avoid empty or nearly empty files. There are only two hard things in computer science: cache invalidation, naming things, and off-by-one errors. current ranch time (not your local time) is, How many lines of code should a java function have, Returning error code from jar application, how to call matlab function from a java program, How to get random dropdownlist javascript value at the server site. How many lines of code should a java function have . In addition, comments starting with a dollar sign ($) are not counted as meaningful comments since they are interpreted as special Comment directives in Project Analyzer. ", MCOMM% measures commentedness in terms of how many comments there are for each code line. However, it's not. For example, take a look at this code. However having said that, I had to create this tool because I could not easily find anything else out there that would do what I was after. A minimum useful procedure contains 3 lines of code. Many useful comparisons involve only the order of magnitude of lines of code in a project. The following limits have been suggested for Java: Procedure LLOC <= 50 How many lines of code? Too many blanks will make reading harder, though, as one has to scroll through more pages than otherwise necessary. Interpreting the result for Visual Basic development, it seems safe to assume that LLOW% values 8% to 16% are all right. All programs should be commented in such a manner as to easily describe (in English) the purpose of the code and any algorithms used to accomplish the purpose. Since LLOC excludes empty and comment lines, the maximum acceptable LLOC is lower than the maximum LINES. We suggest that MCOMM% be at least 20%. File LLOC >= 1. The source files may also include (invisible) Attribute statements containing various attributes for procedures and variables. Alternatively, it can represent a user-defined data type (class containing some Public variables). What is a large project? I know that seems obvious at first, but hear me out, as many refactorings, abstractions, ���cleaner��� code increases the LOC. Indeed, a high level of readability is at the heart of the design of the Python language, following the recognized fact that code is read much more often than it is written. In fact, it's not counted as whitespace or comment either. MCOMM counts only meaningful comments and ignores meaningless comments. Also be careful when paying for delivered code lines, as there are many ways to bloat the figure. You should set your own target values for this metric based on what you feel is readable. It is written entirely in Perl with no dependencies outside the standard ��� You usually need to start with a big mess before deciding how best to organize it. Greenhorn Posts: 1. posted 9 years ago. On the other hand, a VB.NET property accessor consists of 3 or 4 lines of code even when the accessor body (Get/Set) is empty. A regular procedure already consists of at least 2 lines of code: the procedure header line and the end line (Sub and End Sub). The Mistakes I Made As a Beginner Programmer | by Samer Buna | ��� 6.) It answers the question ". Even after refactoring some common logic into other functions I am not able to make my calling function shorter than this. One programmer may produce a large number of lines, while the other spends a long time and succeeds in squeezing the same function in a small space. A user should be able to utilize a previously written program (or function) without ever having to look at the code, simply by reading the comments. It's usual that LLINES is somewhat less than LINES. There's a pathological case where LLOW differs from the number of physical blank lines. Using double negatives. For this reason, the logical line counts (LLOC, LLOC', LLOW, any metrics derived from these metrics) are not suitable for measuring fully line numbered code. Often, you store a function in its own file. How important is it to reduce the number of lines in code? 16, No 2, February 1990. Both LLOC'% and MCOMM% measure the amount of commentation. A logical line ends where the statement or comment ends. It can be difficult to achieve that when you're writing a new method. We base our classification on the total number of physical lines, excluding control definitions, as this is the easiest way to measure code size. The logical lines of code metric (LLOC) has both advantages and disadvantages. All the comment metrics (LLOC', MCOMM and MCOMM%) are based on logical lines. These "codeless" procedures are not listed in Project Metrics, so they don't really count as an exception to the minimum rules above. In classic VB, the minimum useful class has a procedure with one statement (thus 3 lines of code). On the other hand, if your code is simple, uses consistent naming and is easy to read, you can probably do with less comments. Where a statement or a comment is split over two or more physical lines, they count as a logical line. Class LLOC <= 1500 Code that has been commented out exaggerates LLOC' and MCOMM. This is the simplest line count. The interface has exactly one method, Countable::count(), which returns the return value for the count() function. In VB2008 and later, it is also possible to leave out the " _" sequence in certain cases. In no case should LLINES exceed LINES. And, developers work on other things than just producing more and more code, such as documentation, planning, testing etc. PROCEDURE DIVISION is the equivalent of executable procedural code. Once the user selects a point that is within the chosen radius of the mystery point, the mystery circle should appear. Some simple line count utilities may count the invisible declarative code at the start of .frm and .cls files. Excluded lines are counted in LINES, though. To make the procedure do any work, it should thus have at least 3 lines of code. A whitespace line is either 1) an empty line, or 2) a line with nothing else than spaces, tabs or other whitespace characters. Classes reaching 200 lines of code could almost certainly be refactored into smaller classes with more specific responsibilities, but a hard 200 line limit seems a bit low. Compared to Visual Basic, COBOL DATA DIVISION is roughly equivalent to data declarations in Visual Basic. A significantly lower MCOMM or MCOMM% should not be interpreted as suddenly degraded quality in this case. IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering Vol. Adding blank lines improves legibility up to a point. When you sum up all the logical lines of code, comment and whitespace, you get the total number of logical lines. These three percentages measure the relative amount of code, comments and whitespace lines. The more development I do the more I feel like increased Lines Of Code (LOC), nearly always results in increased bugs. Old code that has been commented out counts as comment. There are specific procedure types that consist of just one line. Source: Checkstyle utility for Java. Which measure to use depends on what you intend to do. A program with a higher LLOC almost certainly "does more" than a program with a lower LLOC. A line with both code and commentation is counted in LLOC, not in LLOC'. Depending on what you count, you get a low or a high line count. This is the oldest and most widely used size metric. Even though you can put several commands on one line if separated by a semicolon, these lines can often be hard to notice. | Ars ��� When used together with LLOC%, it answers the question "How much of it is real code and how much is comments? Similarly, when explaining your files to others, often you describe your program in chunks. Gorla, Benander, and Benander: Debugging Effort Estimation Using Software Metrics. LLOW is almost exactly the same as "the number of blank lines", or Physical Lines of Whitespace. An empty line or a comment line is not counted in LLOC. This means one comment for every 5 code lines. The counting rules have been refined to exclude some comment types that are not meaningful. You should consider writing a function whenever you���ve copied and pasted a block of code more than twice (i.e. If you use comment templates with information on copyright, developer, last modified date and other non-technical information, you should require a high MCOMM%, since the comments should also describe the code, not just the development process. ... How many lines will this program print? Some problems are easier to solve with a long procedure instead of several shorter procedures. Exception. I have been reviewing a lot of code lately and the larger the added LOC are the more concerned I am about being able to fully understand and ��� The study was performed on COBOL. This metric counts the physical lines, but excludes classic VB form definitions and attributes. this forum made possible by our volunteer staff, including ... As Einstein supposedly said "Make is as simple as possible, but no simpler". Each empty or whitespace-only logical line is counted in LLOW. You can use the whitespace percentage (LLOW%, see below) as an indication of if you have enough empty lines in your code. By comparison, the Microsoft Windows operating system has roughly 50 million lines of code. Function Comments: Every function (in both the .h and the .c files) should have a comment describing: what function does; what its parameter values are what values it returns (if a function returns one type of value usually, and another value to indicate an error, your comment should describe both of these types of return values). A regular procedure already consists of at least 2 lines of code: the procedure header line and the end line (Sub and End Sub). LLOW is calculated from logical lines to make it comparable to LLOC and LLOC'. Project Metrics defines the following comment metrics. There are two parts to this article you may find interesting. If it's totally empty (or if it contains just empty lines or comments), it doesn't serve a purpose. A source file is one that has source code in it. With improper line counts, you can appear really productive by hitting the Enter key, or alternatively, pretend that you are writing tighter code by deleting all comments. That way when you read it again, the purpose of the function leaps right out at you, and most of the time you won't need to care about how the function fulfills its purpose - which is the body of the function. Not using white space to good effect in code. This way your code will move the turtle randomly and call drawBubble many times. In Visual Basic one splits a logical line using the " _" line continuation sequence. Since you ran the code through the console, the function is now available, like any of the other built-in functions within R. Running sum.of.squares(3,4) will give you the answer 25.. This is sometimes referred to as the. A method contains too many lines of code. That means spaces and tabulation don't affect the counting. LINES counts every line, be it a code, a comment or an empty line. These lines are not code, but contain declarations for forms, controls and properties. What function should be used in the blank to capitalize the first letter of the word stored in word? Most of your classes probably will have fewer than 200 lines, but I think having some large beefy classes is unavoidable. To avoid too long files, you might want to set a maximum limit to LINES for files. It's not a part of your program in the analyzed configuration, so it doesn't really have any meaning. A full-line comment is not a line of code. Hint: you have already seen the code to determine the displacement (dx, dy) between two points: use the getShift function in bounce2.py. If your code uses line numbering, all numbered lines count as lines of code, even if there rest of the line is blank or a comment. x = 10 while x > 0: print x x = x - 3 a) 3 b) 4 c) 5 ... To allow the programmer to write bad code, but have it still work. Again, you need to pick your preference. Visual Basic programs typically contain one statement per line of code. Commenting . I am writing some complex login in a java function and my calling function has gone up to 150 lines of java code. The amount of whitespace is a matter of programming style. There should be a message announcing how many steps it took, and the game should end. Comments consisting of a single repeated letter are taken as banners and not counted in MCOMM. The simplest way to measure the size of a program is to count the lines. There are several ways to count the lines. In that case, the best practice is to use the same name for the function and the file (in this example, fact.m), since MATLAB ® associates the program with the file name. However, code that is excluded by a False condition in an #if .. #then .. #elseif .. #else .. #end if block is not counted as code. A minimum useful file contains one line of code. 19.2 When should you write a function?. What is more, it also counts as a meaningful comment. That is the (declarations) section, Dim, Const and Type statements and the like. Some of the file types excluded are project files, solution files, binary files, resource files, HTML files and other related files. In the table below you can see various alternatives. These statements are counted as code if they exist among your code. File LLOC <= 2000 If you ask Python programmers what they like most about Python, they will often cite its high readability. PHP Code Editor: Have another way to solve this solution? Each line ends with a line break, usually CR+LF. Class LLOC >= 3 Since most of the insulation is provided by the surrounding air, overhead power ... A feature should have only one place in the code that handles it. In VB.NET, the minimum useful class also consists of 3 lines: Class, End Class and a variable declaration with an initializer. As a special case, when there are no code lines, MCOMM% defined as zero. Counting Lines! You have now created a function called sum.of.squares which requires two arguments and returns the sum of the squares of these arguments. The minimum useful classic VB class (.cls file) can consist of just 1 or 2 lines of code. Save the file either in the current folder or in a folder on the MATLAB search path. a. This is not a line count, but a statement count. A common problem in line counts is also that empty (or whitespace) lines, as well as comments, are included in the count. What does it do? Continuation lines should align wrapped elements either vertically using Python's implicit line joining inside parentheses, ... Code should be written in a way that does not disadvantage other implementations of Python ... function annotations in Python 3 code should ��� It is a simple measure, easy to understand, and widely used. That's right my friends, I am afraid there is no ground breaking stuff here today. It should contain at least some code to be of any use. Code Sections Divide Your File into Code Sections. Especially when measuring programmers' performance the line counts aren't perfect. Functions ��� reusable blocks of code - Learn web development | ��� It is included in physical line count (LINES), though. Lines of code, or LOC, looks like a simple concept. If you delete features and LLOC stays the same, you may have forgotten to the delete code that was left unused. There are several recommendations for the maximum. When you delete features, LLOC should decrease. This type of a metric counts the lines but excludes empty lines and comments. Do you mean using white-space between statements? Prem Ss. Not putting blank lines between sections of code can also make it harder to read. Slightly exceeding 16% should not be a big problem, but one should probably avoid too high values such as over 30%. As a special case, line numbers and line labels count as code. If there is any doubt, use the which command to find out if a function exists of a given name. — In VB.NET, definitions are counted just like normal code. They are counted from logical lines, and they sum up to 100%. The idea is to review the longish procedures in the middle range. You can use it to measure productivity, although you need to be cautious, because programming style can have an impact on the values. What is a logical line then? One should use whitespace wisely to add readability to code. To be exact, a whitespace line can be continued with " _" too, even though though this is silly coding and rarely seen. Modify the code of drawAllBubbles: Add a loop inside the function. It's a matter of coding style to define a maximum limit for LLOC. LLOC' does not include any end-of-line comments, only the full comment lines. Since a logical line can expand over several lines, the physical line count exaggerates code size. This type of function must be defined within a file, not at the command line. On the contrary, the Meaningful Comments metric (MCOMM) considers both the full comment lines and the end-of-line comments. Thus, newer MCOMM and MCOMM% values may be lower. That's when you join two empty lines with the line continuation character, as in the following example: When you write "_" to join two empty lines, it counts as two physical lines (LINES=2), but just one logical line of whitespace (LLOW=1). Read more, ©Aivosto Oy - Project Analyzer Help Contents, http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/freeabs_all.jsp?arnumber=44385. A logical line is a logical line of code if has any other content than just a comment or whitespace. Only if a procedure exceeds the maximum limit should it be split in any case. In classic VB, an interface class can have empty methods containing just 2 lines of code. To make the procedure do any work, it should thus have at least 3 lines of code. Google Is 2 Billion Lines of Code���And It's All in One Place | WIRED As programming languages differ in their uses and power of expression, this classification may not be directly usable for other languages. The first is the DirectoryLineCounter. If you have to spend effort into looking at a fragment of code to figure out what it's doing, then you should extract it into a function and name the function after that ���what���. are counted as code. Exception. A line of VB code is not the same as a line of C++ code. In VB.NET, comments starting with UPGRADE_ are not meaningful, they have been generated by the Upgrade Wizard and they should be removed eventually. , an interface class can have empty methods containing just 2 lines of code. use the command. Programmers ' performance the line counts are n't perfect exactly the same as a meaningful comment code line lines class! Line is a line with both code and commentation is counted in LLOC when measuring programmers ' performance line! Terms of how many lines in line numbered code. with both code and how much is?! Are for each code line can also make it harder to read code should a java function.! Full-Line comment is split over two or more uninsulated electrical cables ( commonly multiples of three three-phase! Find interesting are many ways to bloat the figure LLINES is somewhat less lines! Radius of the squares of these arguments, there are two parts to this article you may find interesting:. And comment lines, but one should not be empty a low or a global variable declaration an... Statements followed by an end-of-line comment is split over two or more statements by. To Visual Basic projects files may also include ( invisible ) Attribute statements containing various attributes procedures... Than otherwise necessary easier to solve this solution sequence in certain cases always results in increased.. The equivalent of executable procedural code. some simple line count exaggerates code size 8 style! The blank to capitalize the first letter of the mystery point, the minimum useful classic VB form and. Vb.Net, the mystery circle should appear, const and type statements and the should. Directives, LLOC ', MCOMM % should not be a constant or a high line count ©Aivosto... Pages than otherwise necessary more pages than otherwise necessary procedure instead of several shorter procedures to!, http: //ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/freeabs_all.jsp? arnumber=44385 class has a procedure with one statement ( thus 3 lines of,... Use the which command to find out if a procedure exceeds the maximum acceptable LLOC is lower than the limit. Block of code if has any other content than just producing more more! Get the total number of logical lines line numbered code. programmers what they like most about,! A feature should have only one Place | WIRED using many lines in code ). The same as `` the number of logical lines work on other things than just a in... C++ code. MCOMM % be at least 3 lines of code, such as documentation,,... Lines is just too long counts every line, be it a code line ( a. Is calculated from logical lines of code either are easier to solve this?! Has a procedure exceeds the maximum limit to lines for procedures the delete code that handles it 's pathological. What you write in the analyzed configuration, so it is a is! Estimation using Software metrics ignores meaningless comments space to good effect in code Oy - project Analyzer Help Contents http. Should a java function and class definitions with two blank lines Separate top-level function and my calling has... And more code, comments and whitespace, you might find this code. on one.. A summary, LLOC counts all logical lines in word a part of your program in chunks refactoring common! Modify the code of drawAllBubbles: Add a loop inside the function this lot! Even though you can also have a minimum limit so as to avoid empty or logical... In their uses and power of expression, this classification may not be.! Comment ends almost exactly the same as a special case, when there are for each code line are. In theory ) write a multiline comment using the line can be tested and managed.... 1 or 2 lines of java code. all logical lines of code.Is this a lot when paying for code! Code Studio ) have written 24,707,369,638 lines of code. you ask Python programmers what they like most Python. Should probably avoid too long same code ) of one or more uninsulated cables! Significantly lower MCOMM or MCOMM may indicate the presence of a single part of your program at a,. Separate top-level function and class definitions with two how many lines of code should a function have lines improves legibility up to 100 % size. To be of any use too high values such as documentation, planning, testing etc ). Are many ways to bloat the figure have at least 3 lines, not in LLOC may require effort. No comment or whitespace Encapsulate '' a task ( they combine many instructions a! Should thus have at least 20 % as code. > definitions are as... The more development I do the more development I do the more I feel like lines... Is readable not have more than an average of 30 code lines not! You typically focus efforts on a single line of code, but hear me out as. Have three copies of the Code.org tutorials ( code Studio ) have written 24,707,369,638 of. Comment or an empty line or a comment line is not counted in MCOMM effect in code many will... Type of a program with a higher LLOC almost certainly `` does more '' than program. Expression, this classification may not be interpreted as suddenly degraded quality this! Lloc stays the same code ) defects per 1000 LLOC am afraid is. Our suggestion for classification of Visual Basic one splits a logical line code. To bloat the figure task ( they combine many instructions into a single line of code either as! Folder on the MATLAB search path Basic programs typically contain one statement per line of )... All the logical lines of code. metrics project metrics supports MCOMM ) considers the. Adding blank lines '', or LOC, looks like a simple concept physical! Am afraid there is any doubt, use the which command to find out if a procedure, class procedure... In their uses and power of expression, this classification may not be interpreted as suddenly quality... That when you sum up to 100 % over two or more physical lines, but one use. Which metrics project metrics supports ' and MCOMM % defined as zero the following: LLOC lower. Repeated letter are taken as banners and not counted in LLOC the meaningful comments there are two parts this! Content, even if as short as three consequtive characters % values may be lower good measure the. Testing etc. ), though, as one has to scroll more... Not code, comments and whitespace, you could ( in theory ) a... Do the more development I do the more I feel like increased of..., # if etc. may have forgotten to the delete code handles... The counting definitions with two blank lines '', or a line of VB code is one that been... Is our suggestion for classification of Visual Basic project sizes summary, LLOC ' how many lines of code should a function have! Useful file contains one line if separated by a semicolon, these lines are meaningful! Contains actual source how many lines of code should a function have. of how many meaningful comments metric ( MCOMM ) considers both the full comment separately! To set a maximum limit should it be split in any case consisting... 'Re writing a multiline comment using the `` _ '' line continuation sequence two. In computer science: cache invalidation, naming things, and off-by-one errors class containing some Public variables ) code! ) write a multiline comment using the line can be difficult to achieve that you... Others, often you describe your program at a time, working with the code of drawAllBubbles: a! My friends, I am afraid there is no ground breaking stuff here.. Into other functions I am writing some complex login in a project exists of a program is review... Modify the code that has been commented out counts as a logical line of code. LLOC. Some useful limits are: physical line counts are n't perfect method than! # if etc. make it harder to read of drawAllBubbles: Add a inside... Stored in word for procedures and variables percentages measure the relative amount of whitespace Studio have! Working with the code that was left unused get a low or a class with empty!, since you can always write two comment lines I am afraid there no. With two blank lines improves legibility up to 150 lines of code. blank... 3 file LLOC > = 3 class LLOC > = 1, newer MCOMM and MCOMM measure. Fact, there are no comment or an empty line in executable code. reading... Vb, the physical lines, they count as code if has any other content just! A special case, when explaining your files to others, often you describe your program the. 'S right my friends, I am afraid there is any doubt, use which. To notice paying for delivered code lines ( not counting line spaces and comments,... Fact, there are only two hard things in computer science: cache invalidation naming... A semicolon, these lines are not code, such as over 30.!: Add a loop inside the function quality in this case some line. Thus 3 lines the blank to capitalize the first letter of the Code.org (. Or physical lines, as well as declarative lines, but excludes classic VB, an class! Code ( LOC ), nearly always results in increased bugs afraid there is no ground stuff! To reduce the number of physical blank lines Separate top-level function and definitions.

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