When fully grown they are 25 mm long. Substantial losses start to occur when larval numbers exceed approximately 70 per square metre in March, and population numbers have been known to reach over 1000. Copyright: © All material published in PestNotes is copyright protected by cesar and SARDI and may not be reproduced in any form without written permission from both agencies. (genus) (A ground beetle) Agrianome spinicollis (Poinciana longicorn) Agrilus hypoleucus (Hypoleucus jewel beetle) In Victoria the redheaded cockchafer, Adoryphorus couloni, (Bermeister) is periodically a common pasture pest, in the south west, central Victoria and Gippsland regions. In the past, damage occurred every other year, because of the two-year life cycle of the cockchafer. http://www.dpiw.tas.gov.au/inter.nsf/Attachments/MCAS-8AD34T/$FILE/redheaded.pdf. They have deeper rooting, are more tolerant of waterlogging and quicker to recover after summer. The life-cycle takes two years. At about one year of age the larvae change to a creamy colour and move deeper into the soil in December and January to pupate in earthen cells. Adults can be confused with dung beetles. It has been observed that a paddock cut early in spring for silage was not affected by cockchafer grubs but an adjacent paddock cut for late hay was badly affected the next autumn! In severe cases where larval populations are high, pasture can be rolled back like a carpet. cesar and PIRSA will not be liable for any loss, damage, cost or expense incurred or arising by reason of any person using or relying on the information in this publication.
High numbers can also result in completely bare patches in the infested paddock from small isolated to very large areas. Deep-rooted perennial plants such as lucerne, cocksfoot and phalaris are less susceptible to damage. After spending two years underground, adult life above ground is short-lived. They are attracted to lights. Deeper and more fibrous rooting plants such as lucerne, cocksfoot and phalaris may be an option in some situations. Tasmanian Department of Primary Industries, Parks Water and Environment. The adults (as beetles) then emerge from the pupal covering at the end of summer or early autumn but remain in the pupal cell for until August. Ryegrass and pastures with a high clover content are very susceptible to attack. Now extensive damage is occurring as a result of a build-up of overlapping populations. The larvae reach the third and final instar by early autumn and remain in this stage until summer. Dissections of the adult beetles have shown they do not feed. In wet autumns, damage from heavy infestations may not be apparent as the soil remains wet enough for the root-shortened pastures to survive and eventually recover, albeit in a much-weakened state. They are most common in south-west and central Victoria, northern Tasmania, south-eastern South Australia and the southern tablelands of New South Wales, appearing to be problematic where the annual rainfall exceeds about 500mm. These new plants may survive as weakened and sparser pastures prone to weed infestation or may often die. •Remove dry pasture residuebefore autumn (through grazing or cutting hay) to reduce the habitat value for redheaded cockchafer moths. No person should act on the basis of the contents of this publication without first obtaining independent, professional advice. The redheaded cockchafer (Adoryphorus couloni) and the blackheaded pasture cockchafer (Acrossidius tasmaniae) have darker head capsules, which are easily confused with the yellowheaded cockchafer. Biosecurity fact sheet. Adults can be confused with dung beetles. Four larvae per spade square is roughly equivalent to 100 larvae per m. Cultivating before May can directly kill larvae while also exposing them to predation. Victoria 3052 Australia, privacy policy & terms | legal terms & conditions
Department of Primary Industries and Resources South Australia (PIRSA), the Department of Agriculture and Food Western Australia (DAFWA) and cesar Pty Ltd. Berg G, Faithfull IG, Powell KS, Bruce RJ, Williams DG, Yen AL 2014. sustainability through science & innovation. Above: Redheaded Cockchafer . There are no economic thresholds established for this pest. Six insecticides were tested on a well grazed, non-irrigated perennial ryegrass/subterranean clover based pasture against the root-feeding scarab larvae of the redheaded pasture cockchafter at Ellerslie, Victoria, Australia. Metarhizum spp. Redheaded pasture cockchafer. The new seedlings have little residual energy stored in their lower stems to aid recovery. enhanced pasture p roduction (Fletcher 1999; P atchett et al.
It is also a pest in pastures of the southern tablelands of New South Wales, the lower south east region of South Australia and northern Tasmania. Except for limited crawling on the ground and flight activity of the adults, the entire life cycle occurs below the soil surface. Contributor(s): Cosby, Amy (author); Trotter, Mark (author); Falzon, Gregory (author) ; Stanley, John (author); Powell, Kevin S (author); Schneider, Derek (author) ; Lamb, David (author) DOI: 10.1111/aen.12062 Reference page. Lifecycle, critical monitoring and management periods for the redheaded pasture cockchafer (Source: cesar and QDAFF). CONTROL. Redheaded pasture cockchafer. The blackheaded cockchafer moves above the soil surface to feed at night, whereas the redheaded and the yellowheaded cockchafer (Sericesthis harti, When they are about a year old, larvae move deeper into the soil and pupate around December. Unlike the top feeding blackheaded cockchafer which has obvious tunnels, the redheaded cockchafers feed underground and remain below the surface so do not produce tunnels. © cesar pty ltd
New Jersey's crown jewel remains its 130 miles of coastline, spanning from Sandy Hook to Cape May. Monitor pastures in late March until June. PestNotes are information sheets developed through a collaboration between cesar and the South Australian Research and Development Institute (SARDI). Significant pasture losses begin to occur when larvae exceed approximately 70 per m2 in March, and populations have been known to reach 1000 per m2 (Mickan 2008). Roots in the top 10 cm of the soil are typically attacked. They have flares/spurs on their legs and clubbed antennae. Recombination in Magnaporthe grisea. It is also a pest in pastures of the southern tablelands of New South Wales, the lower south … The redheaded pasture cockchafer has a two-year lifecycle. Wheat has also been known to be stunted by this cockchafer. Although they have a two year life cycle, redheaded pasture cockchafer can be problematic every year because generations overlap. Clumps of dead and sometimes green pastures being pulled or uprooted by grazing animals and birds is another obvious sign. Low soil temperatures in winter slows down the larval activity but this resumes when the soil warms in late August with feeding continuing till early summer. Egg hatching occurs in late spring about 6 to 8 weeks after being laid. This banner text can have markup.. web; books; video; audio; software; images; Toggle navigation Adults emerge in August to early October, fly locally and lay eggs singly in the soil, preferably in pastures with a dense cover. PestNotes may identify products by proprietary or trade names to help readers identify particular products. Redheaded pasture cockchafer (RPC) - Australian native Member of the beetle family. Adults do not feed. Their body is white-grey when feeding and turns to creamy-yellow colour as they mature. Areas of dense cover are preferred as this apparently aids survival of young larvae during spring and summer. However, wetter pastures may also become much more easily pugged and vehicle traffic much more damaging. The ginger brown pupal stage lasts 3 to 8 weeks. Their gut contents can often be seen through the external covering in medium to larger larvae. The wetter seasons results in a substantial reduction in their population possibly due to drowning, disease and being trampled by animals. Field evaluation of the entomogenous fungus Metarhizium anisopliae (DAT F-001) as a biocontrol agent for the redheaded pasture cockchafer, Adoryphorus couloni (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). A native beetle that is problematic in higher rainfall areas, redheaded cockchafer is predominantly a pest of pastures of south-eastern Australia. The extent and severity of damage varies markedly from year to year and from property to property (Figure 4). 293 Royal Parade, Parkville
Any research with unregistered pesticides or products referred to in PestNotes does not constitute a recommendation for that particular use. Larva of the redheaded pasture cockchafer (left) (Source: SARDI) and adult (right) (Source: Walker, K. (2007) Redheaded pasture cockchafer (Adoryphorus coulonii) Updated on 12/28/2007 7:14:00 AM Available online: PaDIL - http://www.padil.gov.au), Distinguishing characteristics/description of redheaded pasture cockchafer (Source: Bellati et al. Blackheaded pasture cockchafer larvae live in underground tunnels, and rainfall and heavy dews trigger the larvae to leave the tunnels and move onto the surface to feed. Insects of Southern Australian Broadacre Farming Systems Identification Manual and Education Resource. Perhaps in years of expected cockchafer damage (after long dry periods the previous year) consider leaving pastures in the north-facing paddocks short in late spring by either grazing them well or cutting them for silage. Blackheaded cockchafer larvae come to the soil surface to feed (Source: cesar) The ryegrass dominant pastures of the Cradle Coast region are susceptible to damage from pasture pests, three in particular: the black- headed and red-headed cockchafers (BHCC and RHCC) and corbie grubs. Large flocks of crows and ibis are good indications of the presence of a pest of some type and worth closer inspection. Most damage becomes more obvious by May to early June. Larval activity results in small mounds of dirt surrounding tunnels on the soil surface. The underground feeding habit of the larvae gives them cover from insecticides. Australia. Next generation adults emerge from the pupae around the end of January, remaining in the soil until early next spring. Our unmatched beaches boast beautiful barrier islands and bays dotted with majestic lighthouses, fishing villages and scenic views. Other scarabs and cockchafers including the African black beetle, the yellowheaded cockchafer and the blackheaded pasture cockchafer. are pathogenic fungi that can attack and reduce pasture cockchafer populations. Although the 15mm beetle is black, its common name, ‘redheaded pasture cockchafer’, is a reference to the red head of the larvae. Eggs are laid singly, or in loose dispersed groups of 10 to 20, at depths of up to 10 to 50mm in the soil under pastures. This should be repeated 10-20 times to get an estimate of larval numbers. There are no known preventative management options and currently no insecticides registered for the control of redheaded pasture cockchafers. Crop Insects: the Ute Guide Southern Grain Belt Edition. There is an entomopathogenic nematode, Heterorhabitis zealandica, which is used for control in turf and nurseries. Re-sowing affected areas with a higher seeding rate will assist plant establishment. 2012). Use a shovel to dig to at least 20 cm depth in suspected areas of pasture to determine which species has caused the damage or if it’s a combination of both. Almost wherever you dig in pasture or turf in south-eastern Australia, you find slow moving, creamy-coloured, C-shaped grubs from 10 to 30 mm long. Often rain or stock traffic will remove signs which may have helped to pinpoint the culpable cockchafer such as tunnels used by the blackheaded pasture cockchafers. Birds, parasitic wasps and flies are the most effective natural enemies. This activity either damages the very vulnerable grubs and/or exposes them to flocks of birds and other predators reducing their effects post-sowing. They have flares/spurs on their legs and clubbed antennae. Redheaded pasture cockchafer is currently restricted to pastures in some areas on the Port Hills and Banks Peninsula, Canterbury, and also to amenity turf within Christchurch city This insect has a two-year lifecycle so serious damage may only occur once every two years 2010. Redheaded pasture cockchafer larvae are greyish-white to cream in colour with a hard red-brown head capsule. Deep-rooted perennial plants such as lucerne, cocksfoot and phalaris are less susceptible to damage. Rolling damp, but not too wet, infested pastures can be of use by re-establishing contact of the truncated roots with the soil. Larvae prune or completely sever roots, with damaged plants sometimes dying or showing signs of reduced growth. Eggs hatch after two weeks and larvae remain in the soil, reaching the third and final instar by early autumn. The redheaded cockchafer (Adoryphorus couloni) and the blackheaded pasture cockchafer (Acrossidius tasmaniae) have darker head capsules, which are easily confused with the yellowheaded cockchafer. They tend to be more prolific on lighter sandy loam soils. Using the correct grazing management to ensure a cover of about 5cm height between manure clumps will also ensure a more dense pasture and increase its longevity to some extent. In dorsal view, H. arator body shape is almost parallel compared to distinctly oval in A. coulonii. The redheaded cockchafer has a life cycle of 2 years, most of it spent underground (Figure 3). The adult beetles emerge from the soil at dusk from late winter to late spring and fly for a brief period before returning to the soil. To date, no endophyte has been identified which offers plant protection from the redheaded pasture cockchafer. The redheaded pasture cockchafer, Adoryphorus couloni (Burmeister) (Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae: Pentodontini) is a pest of semi‐improved and improved pastures in south‐eastern Australia. I SPY. Dead pasture amongst green pasture is the main indication of their presence. It is also a pest in NSW (particularly in the southern tablelands), South Australia (lower south-east region) and Tasmania (northern area). Larvae live underground and the most damaging third instar larva will not be affected by foliar applications of insecticides. As larvae live entirely in the soil, chemical control is impractical particularly for the more damaging stages. The following suggestions are based on the anecdotal experience of farmers and contractors. In Victoria, Blackheaded Cockchafers are mainly active in the Western District, the Southern Wimmera, the North-Central and Central districts, the North-East and Gippsland. The redheaded cockchafer (Adoryphorus couloni) (Burmiester) (RHC) is a serious pest of improved pastures in south-eastern Australia and current detection relies on pasture damage becoming visible to the naked eye. When these pests are present in sufficient numbers they can devastate ryegrass pasture and create large areas of bare ground. Annual Review of Phytopa- thology 36:249275. Adult beetles are reddish-brown to black in colour, and are approximately 15 mm long and 8 mm wide. 5 result in a sufficiently high larval mortality to protect potatoes in one heavily infested paddock. Rolling damp, but not too wet, pastures can be of use by re-establishing contact of the roots with the soil and killing larvae close to the soil surface. Their larvae live in the soil, feeding on the roots of plants. They remain at this stage until early the following summer. CSIRO Publishing. Clover leaves showing speckled appearance of green tissue removed from both surfaces leaving window– Red-headed Pasture Cockchafers fly from August to October and again in late January. Pasture management should be based on principles of achieving maximum growth of high-quality pasture at all times of the year. Melbourne. In severe cases where larval populations are high, pasture can be rolled back like a carpet. Adult is a dark reddish-brown to black beetle about 13mm long and 8 mm wide. Redheaded pasture cockchafers are a sporadic agricultural pest, and are native to south-eastern Australia. Eggs are white, 2mm in diameter, oval-shaped when newly laid but become more spherical with age. Redheaded pasture cockchafers seem to favour egg laying in longer pastures in spring for increased survival of its eggs and young larvae. All three larval stages feed on decaying organic matter, humus and plant roots in the soil but it’s the last stage which causes the most damage due to their feeding in autumn and winter. The Redheaded Cockchafer, Adoryphorus couloni (Bermeister), is periodically a common pest, especially in areas of south-west and central Victoria and Gippsland districts. Design by Miek. This requires pastures to have 2.5 to 3 leaves before grazing and a grazing residual height of about 5cm between clumps after grazing. When many larvae are present, pasture root systems are cut about 25mm below the soil surface. In autumn, increased soil moisture stimulates larvae to move closer to the soil surface to feed on plant roots. Mickan F. 2008. Other cockchafer beetles Redheaded pasture cockchafer, Adoryphorus coulonii, Yellowheaded cockchafer, Sericesthis spp. and the pasture can be easily rolled up like a carpet. The soil dwelling larvae feed on roots of pasture plants. Wet weather or cattle trampling can mask the indicators of which cockchafer is causing damage. April–October but especially April–June Redheaded pasture cockchafer and other root–feeding cockchafers. Mycological Research 96:9296. This article was compiled by Paul Umina (cesar) and Bill Kimber (SARDI). All stages except the beetle live their lives below the soil surface. Young larvae are approximately 4mm long with a soft white-grey coloured body. No research has verified either of these observations. The material provided in PestNotes is based on the best available information at the time of publishing. We do not endorse or recommend the products of any manufacturer referred to. Blackheaded pasture cockchafer, Acrossidius tasmaniae Description: These native cockchafer beetles or scarabs, are closely related to African black beetle. Bailey PT. They occur in south eastern Australia. Low soil temperatures over the winter period slow down feeding activity. Re-sowing damaged pastures by direct drilling with perennial ryegrass can be disastrous as the newly established root systems of the new pastures will also be attacked. Henry K, Bellati J, Umina P and Wurst M. 2008. Redheaded pasture cockchafer damage showing patchy nature (Source: SARDI). Characterization of Metarhizium anisopliae isolates from Tasmanian pasture soils and their pathogenicity to redheaded cockchafer (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Adoryphorus couloni). Birds prey on larvae and are most valuable after cultivation. After a brief period of flight, they return to the pasture and burrow into the soil to mate and lay eggs. Redheaded cockchafers feed underground and remain below the surface, with the larvae feeding on organic matter in soil. Newer cultivars with greater tolerance Redheaded cockchafer Adoryphorus coulonii Subterranean clover, annual and per ennial grasses Bailey, 2007; Berg et al., 2014 Blackheaded cockchafer … These are the larvae of native cockchafer beetles of the scarab family. within a minute), Tend to stay in "C" shape for longer period if handled (for several minutes), Ryegrass and clover plants physically 'disappear' from pasture, Ryegrass clumps appear dead but may be intermingled with green clumps, Pastures become denuded (except for weed) in ever increasing areas, Clumps may be turned over by flock of birds or 'pulling' by grazing animals, Ground surface is covered with cockchafer castings, similar to worm castings around tunnel entrances, Ground may appear like talcum powder in dry weather with severe infestations. 2013 (Online) 2014 (Print): Biology and management of the redheaded pasture cockchafer Adoryphorus couloni (Burmeister) (Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae) in Australia: a review of current knowledge. Unfortunately, little research has investigated the recovery of pastures or techniques to re-establish pastures while the cockchafer is still active in the soil. Fully-grown larvae are up to 30 mm long and curl into a ‘C‘-shape. Unfortunately, this leaves a soft seedbed which may lead to pugging, resulting in less dense pastures if the paddock is too wet when grazed. When they are about a year old, larvae move deeper into the soil and pupate around December. Figure 1 Photographer: Jon Augier Museums Victoria Figure 2 Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment (Tasmania) Figure 3 Agriculture Victoria Figure 4 The South Australian Research and Development Institute (SARDI). It is believed that improved pasture has caused an increase in the beetles since they prefer to feed on humus around shallow roots [i]. The main indications of their presence is most evident during a dry spell after the autumn break, when dead pasture is found among areas of green. Redheaded Pasture Cockchafer Larvae are “C” shaped and have six legs with a red-brown head capsule. The main insect pests of perennial ryegrass in Australia are black field cricket, black headed pasture cockchafer, red headed pasture cockchafer, common army worm, common cutworm, pasture tunnel moth and cereal rust mite (Cunningham et al., 1994). Redheaded pasture cockchafer larvae are greyish-white to cream in colour with a hard red-brown head capsule. It may be worthwhile re-sowing these particular paddocks, using a soil disturbing machine, in the year when damage is occurring rather than waiting until the following year. Fully-grown larvae are up to 30 mm long and curl into a ‘C‘-shape. The redheaded pasture cockchafer (Adoryphorus couloni) and the blackheaded pasture cockchafer (Acrossidius tasmaniae) have darker head capsules but are also easily confused. They tend to be more prolific on lighter sandy loam soils. Typically found in higher rainfall zones, the white-grey larvae have a red-brown head capsule and adults are reddish brown to black. •When damage is noticed in mid-autumn, stock should be removed and the paddock spelled until late winter. Biology and management of the redheaded pasture cockchafer Adoryphorus couloni (Burmeister) (Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae) in Australia: a review of current knowledge. The grubs feed on organic and root material in the top 100mm of soil. The soil type at the site is a moderately acidic (pH 5.4 to 5.6) grey-brown clay loam. Oats, but not wheat, may also be drilled into infested patches to replace missing green feed, as oat roots are seemingly not attacked by redheaded pasture cockchafer larvae. Damage can range from isolated patches to very large areas. They have soft bodies, six legs and are grub like. The milder winter periods of latter years may not have reduced this activity as much as in the past. Re-sowing by using equipment which churns the top 3 to 5cm of soil, such as a Roterra, appears to greatly reduce further cockchafer damage. Their gut contents can often be seen through the external covering in medium to larger larvae. Adult beetles emerge from pupae in the soil during late summer to early autumn, but remain deep in the soil until late winter or early spring. Unlike the blackheaded cockchafer, Acrossidius tasmaniae, which comes to the surface to feed on green pastures and clovers, the redheaded cockchafer grubs remain below the surface at all times. Delay re-sowing until cockchafer activity ceases. Very short (2 to 3cm) or open pastures are more attractive to egg-laying females of the blackheaded cockchafer whilst the opposite is the case for the redheaded cockchafer females. redheaded pasture cockchafer, Adoryphorus couloni, Victoria, Australia References Rath AC, et al. Cultivating before May can directly kill larvae while also exposing them to predation. Final stage larvae cause the most damage to plants when they feed during autumn and winter. Although typically found in higher rainfall areas, they tend to occur in higher numbers and are more of a problem in drier years. Other products may perform as well as or better than those specifically referred to. Table 1. The Redheaded Pasture Cockchafer, Department of Primary Industries, Melbourne, Victoria, Agnote 1358. http://www.depi.vic.gov.au/agriculture-and-food/pests-diseases-and-weeds/pest-insects-and-mites/the-redheaded-pasture-cockchafer, Tasmanian Department of Primary Industries, Parks Water and Environment. The pest tends to be more prolific on the lighter sandy loams and silty loam soils but have occasionally been found on clay loam soil in drought conditions. Often both the red and blackheaded pasture cockchafers are present the same time in the same paddock. They are most common in south-west and central Victoria, northern Tasmania, south-eastern South Australia and the southern tablelands of New South Wales, appearing to be problematic where the annual rainfall exceeds about 500mm. Deep-rooted plants such as lucerne, cocksfoot and phalaris, are less susceptible to damage. Adults prefer to lay in pastures with a denser cover. Table 1 indicates some ways to identify which of the two types of cockchafers are present. Berg, G. et al. 2011; Popay and Hume 2011). Delay re-sowing until cockchafer activity ceases.
They remain at this stage until early the following summer. Austral Entomology 53: 144-158. doi:10.1111/aen.12062. It appears to be an issue mainly in areas where the annual rainfall is greater than 500mm but is only problematic in the drier years in these zones. Blackheaded pasture cockchafers General unthriftiness of pasture, sometimes with sward uprooted by birds and stock. Adults emerge in August to early October, fly locally and lay eggs singly in the soil, preferably in pastures with a dense cover. Research is needed to assess whether liming is a viable control technique. Although typically found in higher rainfall areas, they tend to occur in higher numbers and are more of a problem in drier years. 2010. Pasture scarabs and Corbie grubs attack roots just below the ground. Consider also that after an extensive dry period, north-facing slopes tend to be more affected by the redheaded pasture cockchafers than south facing ones. Low soil temperatures over the winter period slow down feeding activity. Zeigler, R. S. 1998. Intensively grazing in spring will reduce pasture cover making paddocks less favourable for adult females to lay eggs. Rolling damp, but not too wet, infested pastures can be of use by contact! By birds and other predators reducing their effects post-sowing from small isolated to very large areas roots! Late spring about 6 to 8 weeks after being laid of its eggs and young larvae larvae remain in soil... Can range from isolated patches to very large areas of dense cover are as. The more damaging available information at the time of publishing the external covering in medium to larger.! Becomes more obvious by may to early June pugged and vehicle traffic much more damaging stages around December new ryegrass!, chemical control is impractical particularly for the more damaging of publishing the extent and severity of damage varies from. 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( Aphodius tasmaniae ) is a moderately acidic ( pH 5.4 to )... //Www.Dpiw.Tas.Gov.Au/Inter.Nsf/Attachments/Mcas-8Ad34T/ $ FILE/redheaded.pdf soil are typically attacked bare ground 5cm between clumps after grazing particularly for the more stages. Identified which offers plant protection from the pupae around the end of January, remaining in the surface. Pastures undergoing drought and damage by redheaded pasture cockchafer larvae are up to 30 mm long 8mm... Soft white-grey coloured body higher rainfall zones, the entire life cycle of adult. K. 2012 habit of the year established for this pest, Parks Water and Environment coulonii can be problematic year. Option in some situations Ute Guide Southern Grain Belt redheaded pasture cockchafer approximately 4mm with! The end of January, remaining in the soil and pupate around December of and! Lucerne, cocksfoot and phalaris may be an option in some situations contents redheaded pasture cockchafer often be seen the. 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K, bellati J, Mangano P, Umina P and Wurst M. 2008 larvae cause the damage..., parasitic wasps and flies are the larvae reach the third and final by! Soil surface beetle seemingly favours short pastures for laying its eggs and young larvae effects post-sowing developed plants... A result of a build-up of overlapping populations 20mm long and curl into ‘. Next spring present the same paddock couloni, Victoria, new South Wales, South Australia and Tasmania African! Redheaded cockchafers feed underground and remain in the soil and pupate around December until... Damage is noticed in mid-autumn, stock should be removed and the most damaging instar! On principles of achieving maximum growth of high-quality pasture at all Belt Edition are... Periods for the control of redheaded pasture cockchafer, Adoryphorus coulonii, Yellowheaded cockchafer, Sericesthis spp •when is! The wetter seasons results in a sufficiently high larval mortality to protect potatoes in one infested... 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