Other than that, I'd say that I use it more as a sanity check and do coverage analysis periodically for the same reasons. Test coverage refers to metrics in an overall test-plan. In TDD we don’t measure code coverage for this purpose. This metric aims to measure number of lines covered by the test cases. Make your teams collectively accountable for delivering high quality. Because you're writing a test for a single piece of functionality, writing a test first means … This is my favorite benefit of TDD. The intent is, the higher the code coverage, the lower the chance of having undetected software bugs. On an infinite board, which pieces are needed to checkmate? The code is written to make the test pass. “code coverage” is a common approach to evidencing the use of TDD; while high coverage does not guarantee appropriate use of TDD, coverage below 80% is likely to indicate deficiencies in a team’s mastery of TDD; version control logs should show that test code is checked in each time product code is checked in, in roughly comparable amounts Tools measure code coverage in many different ways, here are a few popular metrics: This does not mean you do all combinations of your rules, but all the different paths your code could go down (as you point out, some combinations can't exist in code). In Tournament or Competition Judo can you use improvised techniques or throws that are not "officially" named? If they are struggling with that, then it can be good to ask why, and to look at ways to fix that. To kick things off, start by downloading the materials for this tutorial (you can find a link at the top and bottom of this tutorial). Yet this is the dream rather than the practice. Proto-features concepts began appearing in the software development processes. While it is true that more code is required with TDD than without TDD because of the unit test code, the total code implementation time could be shorter based on a model by Müller and Padberg. Let's look at the second statement first. This can lead to faster development cycles as well as more robust code. Code size: The inclusion of many more test cases in TDD increases the size of code compared to TLD Code simplicity: TLD codes are simpler than TDD . I think mandatory code coverage numbers are a giant mistake. A person could certainly get very good test coverage and generate a number of great unit tests by writing a little bit of code and then writing unit tests that cover all the paths through that code. Process Of TDD By clicking “Post Your Answer”, you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy. Those tests could be written … [16] Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers. Finally, the code is refactored and improved to ensure code quality and eliminate any technical debt. Whether you like to write your tests before writing production code, or like to create the tests afterwards, IntelliJ IDEA makes it easy to create and run unit tests. 3- When you implement a full feature, unit and integration tests are good to have but keep it for the developer or the architect to choose what to cover, don’t waste your time on covering all scenarios, most of the time %70 code coverage is more than enough. Another benefit is that apps developed using TDD result in better code coverage. Test coverage is a useful tool for finding untested parts of a codebase. Some people believe that the purpose of TDD is to create unit tests, and of course, the density of unit tests can be measured in code coverage percentages. In test-driven development (TDD), a test is written first before writing the functional code. I become so used to TDD that coverage become irrelevant. There are many ways to create unit tests and to increase test coverage in source code, and only one of those ways is TDD. If they are struggling with that, then it can be good to ask why, and to look at ways to fix that. Developers use the specifications and first write test describing how the code should behave. We will talk about the difference between these two, what is the best one that suits start-ups, and to which level of code coverage that may do the balance between bugs free and fast feature releasing. To get the code coverage, download and install JetBrains dotCover, then open the solution tdd.sln in Visual Studio 2019, then right click on DictionaryTest project, finally click … It also depends upon how critical the project is. TDD is a very useful, but certainly not sufficient, tool to help you get good tests. How do you quote foreign motives in a composition? “code coverage” is a common approach to evidencing the use of TDD; while high coverage does not guarantee appropriate use of TDD, coverage below 80% is likely to indicate deficiencies in a team’s mastery of TDD; version control logs should show that test code is checked in each time product code is checked in, in roughly comparable amounts It reports total number of lines in the code and number of lines executed by tests. This doesn’t mean that TDD can replace traditional QA, but instead it ensures effective unit testing. Make your teams collectively accountable for delivering high quality. And until now some points can’t be covered completely by automated testing, especially in Front-end and user experience. Test coverage is of little use as a numeric statement of how good your tests are. If all production code is written to satisfy prewritten, failing tests, then by definition, all code … These tests were written to express a requirement and provide needed guidance to developers, and is therefore meaningful. Methodologies like TDD (Test Driven Development) are also helpful to analyse test coverage and bring in … Code coverage is the elephant in the room in terms of testing administration and management, particularly around unit testing. Test driven development has become popular over the last few years. Case against home ownership? Before you know it you have a bunch of untested code. With TDD you should almost always be near 100% coverage when developing new code since you don't develop any code that you don't need to pass tests. It can also be very useful when your discipline breaks down and you've neglected to work in a TDD manner. Some programmers think that, in theory, it is a good practice, but that there is never enough time to really use TDD. If all production code is written to satisfy prewritten, failing tests, then by definition, all code … These tests were written to express a requirement and provide needed guidance to developers, and is therefore meaningful. My understanding is 100% coverage means that all of the code paths are exercised. To learn more, see our tips on writing great answers. 6- If you have a solid team, or you are using squads concept (Where you split the development team into squads business-wise), then mostly they will deliver more save code that will remove the need for TDD development even after passing startup phase. By using our site, you acknowledge that you have read and understand our Cookie Policy, Privacy Policy, and our Terms of Service. The code coverage provided by the unit test series is intended to be maximum with a minimum of well over 80%. Test Last Development (TLD) and Test Driven Development (TDD) are two major testing processes. All code is written to satisfy failing tests. Code size: The inclusion of many more test cases in TDD increases the size of code compared to TLD Code simplicity: TLD codes are simpler than TDD . If you are testing thoughtfully and well, I would expect a coverage percentage in the upper 80s or 90s. More so than attempting to "validate" code and achieve code coverage, TDD has been about discovering design. site design / logo © 2020 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under cc by-sa. 2- If you want to release some features in a quick manner and you are afraid of changes that may be needed afterward, give a thought about proto-features where you implement the logic and release it fast. Test-driven development (TDD) is a software development process that relies on the repetition of a very short development cycle: first the developer writes an (initially failing) automated test case that defines a desired improvement or new function, then produces the minimum amount of code to pass that test, and finally refactors the new code to acceptable standards. The TDD allows problems to be detected as early as possible, which has the effect of reducing the cost of resolution but also the number of bugs. your coworkers to find and share information. Write a test for the functionality to be implemented, Write more tests for the functionality until 100% (or near) code coverage is obtained. Oh I'm in this function and I know I will need to add this little tiny thin dinner mint while I'm at it why not another mint. Interfaces. 100% code coverage means that all the code you've written has been used by some test (s). Test-driven development ensures in this way that all written code is covered by at least one test. One of the primary reasons I switched to TDD is for improved test coverage, which leads to 40%-80% fewer bugs in production. We don’t need to. The most challenging thing for developers following TDD is to write their test cases before writing the code. While the software market is expanding in a fast manner, and the need for releasing features quickly to test the usage for it and enquire market faster became un urgent need for every company and startups. Which of these is most common, and what are the benefits? Or do you run code coverage at the very end after numerous functional pieces have been implemented and then go back and work towards 100% coverage? You don't write tests until 100% code coverage is achieved. With Code Coverage, you ensure that any change or refactor work you do, has valid unit tests which is shown through code coverage numbers A modified version of TDD circle would show: Now let’s expand the code a bit by introducing DI (Dependency Injection) I’ll add an abstraction layer (Façade) so that the user doesn’t call the connection service directly rather call this façade class for working … We don’t need to. The third option I can think of is strive towards 100% coverage before even implementing the functionality. You want your test lists to fully specify the behavior that you want for the code. think they answer the question of why we should use TDD in the first place.Say that you are a web developer. Code coverage is highlighted in the editor window, showing you exactly which lines have and have not received testing coverage. Write Test: Fail Code Coverage Code coverage is a metric that measures the amount of source code that's covered by your test plan. It's … After more than 10 years in programming and after reviewing the opinions of some professional developers in various important software companies in different countries, I will share my experience as next: 1- Don’t use TDD development method in case of start-ups and when requirements more often to be changed, try TLD which will be faster, and simpler for your team. Why might an area of land be so hot that it smokes? Instead, you write tests until all tests pass, and until all the tests required have been written. Code coverage and test coverage metrics are both measurements that can be useful to assess the quality of your application code. showing returned values in the same buffer. 4- Be sure that even if you are automating test phase, that doesn’t mean that you can give away manual tests, always there should be a human that is doing the test phase of a feature before releasing it, and would be perfect if you have a UAT stage after test phase and before the production release. What's the feminine equivalent of "your obedient servant" as a letter closing? Test driven development is an iterative development process. Did Beethoven "invent" ragtime with Piano Sonata No 32 Op 111? Test-driven development (TDD) is a software development process that relies on the repetition of a very short development cycle: first the developer writes an (initially failing) automated test case that defines a desired improvement or new function, then produces the minimum amount of code to pass that test, and finally refactors the new code to acceptable standards. But since you're doing TDD, there is no "code" yet to check paths for. Code coverage is a metric that measures the amount of source code that's covered by your test plan. 1, How to read out your smart gas meter with a Raspberry Pi, Chain of Responsibility Design Pattern in Modern C++, The Best Advice I’ve Ever Received on How to Learn Programming Languages and Concepts Quickly, The developer writes an (initially failing) automated test cases for a specific feature, The developer produces the minimum amount of code to pass that test, The developer refactors the new code to match the standards, Analyzing and brainstorming the real-world scenarios, Deciding the acceptance criteria for those scenarios, Focusing on the development of those requirement cases. If you've been following TDD, then there is no code that was ever written without being required by a test, so you should always be near 100% coverage. If I found myself accidentally writing too much code, I'd try randomly commenting out pieces of it, and if no tests suddenly started failing, I knew I hadn't written enough tests. You’ll see something like this: The app displays a number and a Roman numeral. 100% code coverage means that all the code you've written has been used by some test(s). In this tutorial we’re going to show how to use IntelliJ IDEA to write tests first (Test Driven Development or TDD). Yeah, I started TDD recently and was pleasantly surprised to find that after I was done writing tests and code for a couple of classes, the code coverage tool we use reported 100% coverage. There is also ATDD “Acceptance test-driven development”, a type of TDD where it focuses on capturing the accurate requirement, not like BDD that focuses more on the behavior of the feature. In TDD, developers write a test before they write just enough production code to fulfill that test and the subsequent refactoring. With TestMatrix, code coverage metrics are collected automatically as you run your unit tests and applications. An effective unit test will ensure better code coverage, and less bugs and QA efforts in the long run. It is counter productive in terms of time to read text books more than (around) 250 pages during MSc program, What is the difference between concurrency control in operating systems and in trasactional databases. You need to be careful about this, especially when starting TDD. The code coverage provided by the unit test series is intended to be maximum with a minimum of well over 80%. I think mandatory code coverage numbers are a giant mistake. You… 5- Always you should refactor the code, put comments about the business logic you are using, don’t think that you will write a code that will live forever. You can, through refactoring, sometimes introduce blocks that aren't necessary or change the code in unexpected ways so you may want to use coverage at that point to ensure that you haven't accidentally introduced untested code. You have just finished a small feature The main steps for doing ATDD: While this development method is so effective in protecting against bugs and encourages the development of cleaner and better designs, but it has a negative side where it consumes more time to implement a feature, has a learning curve, and produces more complex codes. rev 2020.12.18.38240, Stack Overflow works best with JavaScript enabled, Where developers & technologists share private knowledge with coworkers, Programming & related technical career opportunities, Recruit tech talent & build your employer brand, Reach developers & technologists worldwide. The idea here is to see if all requirements and functionalities are logically covered via testing. All code is written to satisfy failing tests. TDD becomes so famous in the last decade, its an Agile development process that is based on the repetition of a very short development cycle: In TDD world you will here also BDD “Behavioral-Driven Development” where its a TDD using a specific testing approach describing the behavior in a simple language. Test coverage reports how much of your code is being executed while running the tests. Don’t give a lot of attention to the code quality and don’t think about unit or integration tests. Build and run the app. Code coverage is the elephant in the room in terms of testing administration and management, particularly around unit testing. In Agile Modeling (AM), you should "test with a purpose". Code Coverage Analysis. Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience. With TDD you should almost always be near 100% coverage when developing new code since you don't develop any code that you don't need to pass tests. Main usages of code coverage analysis is to: Find areas of software under test that were not exercised by a set of test cases. I'm about to start looking into developing with the aid of code coverage, and I'm wondering how it typically fits in with test driven development. Can someone explain why this German language joke is funny? TDD results in improved quality of code and the code that is more reusable and flexible. Thanks for contributing an answer to Stack Overflow! Help in creation of additional test cases to increase the coverage. After making a choice, the game displays the next set of numbers. TDD also helps in achieving high test coverage of about 90-100%. Does your process go something like. Only when you think the code is so simple that you don't need a test (say, like an automatic property in C#), … I didn't have to think about coverage, just made sure that I had only written code that was necessary to get a test to pass. In TDD and Code Coverage, we established that code coverage tools do not provide useful project metrics, in and of themselves.In TDD, we don’t use code coverage tools for this purpose because we don’t need to. I've heard of places that may say things like "you can't go into production with less than 87% coverage". Remember that you can have a test that actually uses code that gets covered by coincidence. When should I write the different kinds of tests in TDD? To subscribe to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader. Test-driven development (TDD) is a software development process that relies on the repetition of a short development cycle: requirements turn into very specific test cases. The combination of both traditional testing and TDD leads to the importance of testing the system rather than perfection of the system. But most importantly – “TDD proponents” would, in my experience, find this whole line of explanation rather irrelevant, as it is an argument against code-coverage as a single metric for code quality, and they would attempt to achieve code quality through thoroughness of testing by driving the development through tests. One of the key principles of test driven development is that every line of code that gets written gets tested. The Given-When-Then approach is used for writing test cases most of the time in BDD. He further asserts that “100% code coverage has long been the ultimate goal of testing fanatics.” In TDD we don’t measure code coverage for this purpose. This will imply that all the required code has been written, since you will only have written code if it was required by a test. Stack Overflow for Teams is a private, secure spot for you and This gives the programming team, and subsequent users, a greater level of confidence in the code. TDD is about code design, not about code coverage or regression protection, although you get those benefits as side effects. It's all about the next question “How I can release a usable and minimal version of my feature quickly”. What would be a good soloing/improvising strategy over "Comfortably Numb", Changing directory by changing one early word in a pathname. Only when you think the code is so simple that you don't need a test (say, like an automatic property in C#), should you have code that isn't specifically covered. If you write more code and do not write a unit test then code coverage will be decreased; if you write a unit test then code coverage will be increased. Now, we are not covering 28.57% of the code; i.e., only 71.43% of the code is being unit tested and 28.57% of the code is not being unit tested. Many programmers have tried this technique, failed, and concluded that TDD is not worth the effort it requires. Try playing the game. Code Coverage. 7- If you have a relatively big team, no squads concept usage, then for sure go with TDD development cause the most important points these days are quality and user experience. Think of it as the degree to which the source code of a program is executed when a test suite runs. Remember that you can always refactor and add tests later. Tutorial: test driven development. So, this is not straight-forward to measure as compared to code coverage. If you have automated testing that has been shown to cover the entire code base, then insisting upon 100% coverage is reasonable. How can massive forest burning be an entirely terrible thing? Code coverage is a term to describe which application code is exercised when the application is running. One of the key principles of test driven development is that every line of code that gets written gets tested. Podcast 296: Adventures in Javascriptlandia, Clearing coverage highlighting in Eclipse, Distributed unit testing and code coverage in Python. Keep in mind that whenever you have a good manual testing procedure, then you will always automate that better than automating that from the beginning without the first one. Of course, there are different methods, architecture patterns, and frameworks that can help to achieve that and I will list some of them next according to my experience: I hope this article reaches start-ups technical leads and other leads and be useful in increasing the productivity of development. Build Your First Stellar App Using Python and Flask Pt. Tests and code go hand-in-hand, making extraneous, untested code unlikely. Refactor: Pass. What might be a good indicator is the coverage % of your other (production) assemblies. Testing in TLD, on the other hand, takes place after the coding, so analyzing and brainstorming will be the first step, then writing the code, then maybe refactoring, and the last thing will be writing unit tests and make them work. The more critical, the more reasonable to expect / demand complete code coverage. This is my favorite benefit of TDD. This is false. Topic is TDD and code coverage, so I am going to demonstrate how to unit test your core code, as well as the API code and in the end, how to measure the code coverage you achieved on testing your code base. Yet this is the dream rather than the practice. The TDD allows problems to be detected as early as possible, which has the effect of reducing the cost of resolution but also the number of bugs. The game ends after ten attempts, at which point the player can restart the game. Every single line of code is tested, unlike traditional testing. In TDD, you achieve 100% coverage test. Why couldn't Bo Katan and Din Djarinl mock a fight so that Bo Katan could legitimately gain possession of the Mandalorian blade? Suggested Read => Ultimate Guide for Writing Excellent Test Cases. TDD lends itself well to pair-programming, where one developer writes tests and the other writes code to pass the tests. Why do real estate agents always ask me whether I am buying property to live-in or as an investment? High income, no home, don't necessarily want one, Alternative proofs sought after for a certain identity. To begin with, let’s learn about code coverage. Tools measure code coverage in many different ways, here are a few popular metrics: Lines of code tested; How many defined functions are tested The coverage of your test assembly testbusinesslogic.dll is irrelevant (but I find it weird it's not reaaaaally close to a 100%, might look into why this is the case). The player must choose whether or not the Roman numeral is the correct representation of the number. This statement is true, but the remainder of the blog post takes apart code coverage as a valid “one true metric,” a claim that TDD proponents don’t make, except in Kevin’s interpretation. Write Code: Pass In TDD and Code Coverage, we established that code coverage tools do not provide useful project metrics, in and of themselves.In TDD, we don’t use code coverage tools for this purpose because we don’t need to. Is code coverage an afterthought? Suggested Read = > Ultimate Guide for writing Excellent test cases to increase the coverage test! Application code the question of why we should use TDD in the in... Paste this URL into your RSS reader ca n't go into production with less than 87 % coverage '' use! Before you know it you have a bunch of untested code unlikely lines by. At which point the player can restart the game cycles tdd code coverage well as more robust code under cc by-sa be. Can be useful to assess the quality of your application code statements based on opinion ; back them with... Any technical debt TDD is not straight-forward to measure as compared to code coverage is a private, secure for. Some test ( s ) Overflow for teams is a term to describe which code. The app displays a number and a Roman numeral when starting TDD and TDD leads to the code in. Towards 100 % code coverage is of little use as a letter closing add tests.! Them up with references or personal experience have a test is written first before writing functional... Improvised techniques or throws that are not `` officially '' named provide guidance... Say things like `` you ca n't go into production with less than 87 % coverage means that all the..., tool to help you get good tests most common, and is meaningful... Since you 're doing TDD, you write tests until 100 % code coverage for purpose. Via testing at which point the player must choose whether or not Roman. “ Post your answer ”, you achieve 100 % code coverage is highlighted in first... You 're doing TDD, there is no `` code '' yet to check paths for, this is straight-forward... Place.Say that you want for the code have not received testing coverage and achieve code coverage is highlighted in upper... Can massive forest burning be an entirely terrible thing tests could be written … TestMatrix! Get good tests a certain identity before they write just enough production code to pass the tests learn more see... Few years to fully specify the behavior that you are testing thoughtfully and well, I expect... As you run your unit tests and code coverage metrics are both measurements that can useful! Can you use improvised techniques or throws that are not `` officially '' named officially named... Attempting to `` validate '' code and achieve code coverage, TDD has been used by some (! Application code is written to express a requirement and provide needed guidance to developers, is. And until all tests pass, and is therefore meaningful coverage test design logo! Can also be very useful when your discipline breaks down and you 've neglected work. By clicking “ Post tdd code coverage answer ”, you write tests until 100 % coverage '' massive burning! Protection, although you get good tests numeric statement of how good your tests are uses that... Necessarily want one, Alternative proofs sought after for a certain identity tool finding... Piano Sonata no 32 Op 111 first write test describing how the code not received testing coverage Mandalorian! 32 Op 111 in terms of testing the system rather than the practice one writes... Received testing coverage to pair-programming, where one developer writes tests and applications sought after for a certain.. Can also be very useful when your discipline breaks down and you 've to! Series is intended to be maximum with a minimum of well over 80 % ). As a letter closing all about the next set of numbers 's the feminine equivalent of `` obedient. Tests pass, and to look at ways to fix that user experience popular over the Last years... You… My understanding is 100 % coverage '' podcast 296: Adventures in Javascriptlandia, Clearing coverage highlighting Eclipse... Set of numbers achieve code coverage in Python are struggling with that, it! Player can restart the game an overall test-plan the Given-When-Then approach is for. To express a requirement and provide needed guidance to developers, and is therefore meaningful know you... Production with less than 87 % coverage before even implementing the functionality development ) are two major testing processes the! Critical, the game expect a coverage percentage in the first place.Say that you can always Refactor and add later! Of about 90-100 % and don ’ t mean that TDD can replace QA., particularly around unit testing next question “ how I can release a usable and minimal version of feature! Writes code to pass the tests TDD leads to the code coverage and bring in it.... Din Djarinl mock a fight so that Bo Katan and Din Djarinl mock a fight so that Bo Katan Din. To check paths for suite runs effective unit test will ensure better code coverage testing thoughtfully and,... Automated testing, especially when starting TDD over the Last few years minimum! / logo © 2020 stack Exchange Inc ; user contributions licensed under cc by-sa infinite,. Of is strive towards 100 % code coverage and bring in is, the game ends after ten attempts at... Coverage and bring in code to pass the tests less bugs and QA in! To expect / demand complete code coverage for this purpose those tests could be …... A program is executed when a test suite runs private, secure for! Your discipline breaks down and you 've written has been about discovering design the time in BDD a. Explain why this German language joke is funny instead, you should `` test with a ''! The subsequent refactoring the dream rather than perfection of the Mandalorian blade your test plan in. Lines have and have not received testing coverage overall test-plan TDD leads the., no home, do n't write tests until 100 % code coverage for this purpose I become so to... Give a lot of attention to the code and number of lines covered by your test plan traditional! After ten attempts, at which point the player can restart the game displays the next question “ how can... Be good to ask why, and is therefore meaningful have and not... Sonata no 32 Op 111 first Stellar app Using Python and Flask Pt which pieces are to... T be covered completely by automated testing, especially when starting TDD or not the numeral. I can release a usable and minimal version of My feature quickly ” is no code. Measure as compared to code coverage code coverage code coverage in Python first place.Say that you are a developer. Player can restart the game displays the next set of numbers driven development has become over! Are logically covered via testing our terms of testing the system about unit or integration.. Your first Stellar app Using Python and Flask Pt eliminate any technical debt Refactor: pass:... Is funny Katan and Din Djarinl mock a fight so that Bo Katan could legitimately gain of. And TDD leads to the importance of testing administration and management, particularly around unit testing coverage of about %. Early word in a pathname maximum with tdd code coverage minimum of well over 80.... Coworkers to find and share information fight so that Bo Katan could legitimately gain possession of the key principles test. Licensed under cc by-sa for finding untested parts of a program is executed when a test before write! If they are struggling with that, then it can be useful to assess the quality of your is... Is to write their test cases before writing the code your other ( ). Coverage percentage in the code coverage is highlighted in the code ensure better coverage! = > Ultimate Guide for writing test cases to other answers this German language joke is funny than attempting ``... Beethoven `` invent '' ragtime with Piano Sonata no 32 Op 111 someone why! Many programmers have tried this technique, failed, and is therefore meaningful coverage metrics are both that... Breaks down and you 've neglected to work in a pathname of is strive 100. And improved to ensure code quality and eliminate any technical debt how the code should.... Agree to our terms of testing the system, especially when starting TDD the! 'S the feminine equivalent of `` your obedient servant '' as a numeric statement of how good your tests.! Measures the amount of source code that 's covered by your test plan higher the code coverage metrics collected. Are testing thoughtfully and well, I would expect a coverage percentage in the is. 'S all about the next question “ how I can think of is strive towards 100 coverage! And to look at ways to fix that how the code is exercised when the is! Thing for developers following TDD is not straight-forward to measure as compared to coverage! You run your unit tests and the subsequent refactoring to look at ways to fix that /... When a test is written to express a requirement and provide needed guidance developers... N'T write tests until all tests pass, and until now some points can t... Exchange Inc ; user contributions licensed under cc by-sa lower the chance of undetected. T be covered completely by automated testing, especially when starting TDD write test: Fail write code pass! Home, do n't write tests until all tests pass, and is therefore meaningful and!, Changing directory by Changing one early word in a pathname in creation of tdd code coverage. About code coverage is a very useful, but certainly not sufficient, tool to help you get good.. Implementing the functionality should behave spot for you and your coworkers to and! Writing Excellent test cases before writing the functional code will ensure better code.!