Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Most theories assume the following: (1) there are consistent individual differences in an underlying construct such as criminal potential or antisocial personality; (2) hedonism or the pursuit of pleasure is the main energizing factor; (3) there is internal inhibition of offending through the conscience or some similar mechanism; (4) methods of child-rearing used by parents are crucial in developing this conscience in a … Although psychological perspectives are less represented within mainstream criminology than other approaches, many criminological theories have a psychological component. Unlimited viewing of the article/chapter PDF and any associated supplements and figures. Social network theory and elementary theory build on the ideas of these different approaches in structural social psychology by specifically examining how an actor’s position, relative to another, affects social influence processes as well as the stability of group structure. Conflict between the three personality components forces an individual to develop defense mechanisms to cope with the conflict. Criminology - Criminology - Major concepts and theories: Biological theories of crime asserted a linkage between certain biological conditions and an increased tendency to engage in criminal behaviour. In the start of criminology Cesare Beccaria and Jeremy Bentham felt that crime was a product of someone’s rational choices and it could be deterred with controlled methods. Mind and brain have an indelible connection. T/F: Most criminologists and criminalists think that profiling does not produce any usable information. Psychological theories about crime have been around for a long time and we sometimes see them used in court cases via the insanity defense. It is hard to specify distinctively psychological theories of crime. Enter your email address below and we will send you your username, If the address matches an existing account you will receive an email with instructions to retrieve your username, I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of Use, https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118519639.wbecpx142. I cannot review them all here. They include, but are not limited to, biological, neurological, cognitive, developmental, personality, and integrated approaches. Some theorists and researchers have examined how nutrition, vitamins, environmental containments, and endocrinology may have an effect on criminal behavior. Psychological theories about crime have been around for a long time and we sometimes see them used in court cases via the insanity defense. and find homework help for other Social Sciences questions at eNotes The reasons are: 1. These theories looked at how cer- Terrie Moffitt (1993) developed a dual taxonomy of offending behavior in an attempt to explain the developmental process that lead to the distinctive shape of the age crime curve. Although women have much less testosterone than men, some studies have also found that relatively higher levels in women can produce changes in their personality and more aggressive behavior. Test your knowledge of the psychological theories of crime with an interactive quiz and printable worksheet. Do you think that violent video games can lead to violent behavior? Psychological Theories of Crime and Delinquency 229 that behavior is determined by the person and their environmentin time and space, the thrust of this theory focused on how behavior is shaped by expe-rience. Browse other articles of this reference work: The full text of this article hosted at iucr.org is unavailable due to technical difficulties. Later psychological theories of crime were based on behaviour theory, such as that of the American psychologist B.F. Skinner (1904–90), who viewed all human behaviour—criminal and otherwise—as learned and thus manipulable by the use of reinforcement and punishment (see behaviourism). Another issue with psychological theories of crime is that they are difficult to test. Biology 4. Their argument is that what we eat, breath and take into our bodies may produce an effect on our behavior. Psychological theories of crime look at how differences in people's thoughts and feelings can lead to criminal behavior. post-traumatic stress disorder : Any condition that develops following some stressful situation or event, such as sleep disturbance, recurrent dreams, withdrawal or lack of concentration. Psychological Theories of Crime. Law 6. There are a lot of different areas why people turn to committing crime. Theories of Psychology Understand the intricacies to the science of the mind. Sociology 2. Theory of Crime: Characteristics or Beliefs of Theory: Solutions to Crime: Classical Theory: Crime is caused by the individuals free will; Human beings are rational and make decisions freely and with understanding of consequences; Crime is an immoral form of … Psychological theories of deviance use a deviant’s psychology to explain his motivation and compulsion to violate social norms. Research into the sociological theories of crime prior to the Chicago School had not contemplated social environment or context external to individuals, but focused on facets such as spiritual (the Quakers), natural (Hippocrates, 460 BC), utilitarianism (Bentham, 1948) and biological waywardness (Lombroso, 1976) of individuals. While earlier theories often focused on abnormal behavior and psychological problems, humanist theories instead emphasized the basic goodness of human beings. During World War II, the U.S. government began using psychologists to try to predict the future actions of leaders like Germany's Hitler. ASSIGNMENT 2 Psychological Theories of Crime Introduction The lawbreakers’ justice system is a framework that involves procedures and office visits created by a government to punish criminals and impose punishments and force penalties for any violation of laws. ASSIGNMENT 2 Psychological Theories of Crime Introduction The lawbreakers’ justice system is a framework that involves procedures and office visits created by a government to punish criminals and impose punishments and force penalties for any violation of laws. Are some people born to be criminals? While Lombroso and Gull looked at physical abnormalities and differences, other theorists examine overall body structure or type to help explain crime. Several theories have been proposed to explain why different people make different estimates of the dangerousness of risks. If you do not receive an email within 10 minutes, your email address may not be registered, The extraordinary range of methods and frameworks can be helpfully summed up regarding the classic distinction between the natural-scientific and human-scientific approaches. and you may need to create a new Wiley Online Library account. Legally, the insanity is a type of defense that can be used in court cases. As a result, problematic behavio… These theories are usually expressed in developmental terms and rooted in motivational and learning processes. Skinnerian based social psychological theories of reinforcement and punishment are influential in this model of criminal control although the idea of punishment for crime has a much longer history (Jeffery, 1990). The Evolutionary Psychology of Crime Evolutionary psychology provides a powerful set of tools for understanding human behavior, including criminal behavior and responses to criminal behavior. It is critical for people to know and understand not only why theories are important but also how it helps the criminal justice and learning from these theories of the past helps to shape new theories of the present and future (Cote, 2002). Early theories. The psychoanalytic point of view, two main theories: Freud’s theory of stages of sexual development and the theory of addition of Intent by Bowlby in 1947. Changes in the barometric pressure may also be associated with changes in blood flow in the brain, which may increase impulsive behavior. Do some of us have faulty genes or bad heredity that causes us to commit crime? If you have previously obtained access with your personal account, please log in. Humanistic Theories . While many studies have found a relationship between this hormone and crime, researchers do note that the effect of high testosterone is likely to be influenced by the social environment around the person. Several criminological and psychological theories and their empirical support for explaining cybercrime are reviewed. Psychological theories of crime focus on the individual. Psychological theories have tried to explain why and how the crime occurs. The word theory has many distinct meanings in different fields of knowledge, depending on their methodologies and the context of discussion. Learn how the many branches of psychology differ from one another and how and where they overlap. The guiding principle in this research paper is that psychological theories focus especially on the influence of individual and family factors on offending. part of the personality that represents the set of instincts and drives that need (or demand) immediate gratification. Unlimited viewing of the article PDF and any associated supplements and figures. Empirical Validity of Personality Theory. Rather than seeking global theories of human behavior, as are frequently found in personality theory, social psychologists utilize a wide range of specific theories for various kinds of social and cognitive phenomena. And, one’s psychological states affect various aspects of his or her biology. Today. Moffitt's original statement of the theory is one of the more important articles in criminology with 2,792 citations. In addition to various theories about why crime happens, psychology has also offered a large contribution to ideas and policies on the relationship between mental illness and crime. To the average layperson, the word theory means something of a guess. In contrast to sociological theories, psychological theories of crime focus on the influence of individuals’ experiences or their emotional adjustment, as well as on their personality traits and types. Psychological theories can't tell us why that is true. Control theories use the biological, psychological and social ideas to prove their theory. Lawrence Kohlberg’s stages of moral development constitute an adaptation of a psychological theory originally conceived by the Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget. These theories have generally asserted that criminal behaviour is a normal response of biologically and psychologically normal individuals to particular kinds of social circumstances. It might be true, or it might not be. Bandura (1969) discussed the principles of modifying behavior using Strictly speaking, there are no hard and fast rules for when mental illness fulfills the legal requirement of insanity. One reason for this is that criminology comes out of the social sciences, particularly sociology. In addition, early scholars worried that biological theories were racist and argued for genetic determinism. This literature review categorizes these perspectives into five areas, provides a brief overview of each, and analyzes and synthesizes the relevant, elements within each area. Law-abiding citizens tend to conform. Psychological perspectives and theories on criminal behavior are numerous and distinct. She proposes that there are two main types of antisocial offenders in society. Most sociological theories of crime focus on shared factors that influence offenders rather than factors that are unique to individuals: Individual difference variables are relegated to a minor, if not trivial, status in favor of influences that are thought to homogenize a col - … Psychological theories typically place blame for crime on one of the following factors: a) Socialization experiences; b) Some traumatic event in their past that caused them to process information and make decisions differently than the rest of us; c) Some organic (physical) problem in the brain; and d) A few other theories focus on how criminal thinking is supported and maintained Freud also felt that early childhood experiences had a profound impact on adolescent and adult behaviour. Technically speaking, punishments are any sanctions designed to decrease a specific behavior; thus, fines, jail sentences, etc., are all forms of punishment. In other words, just because someone has high levels of testosterone doesn't mean that they will automatically become aggressive or violent. Forensic or criminal psychology is the use of psychological research and practice to better understand crime, law, and criminals. Testosterone, for example, has been linked to aggression. From the perspective of Freud's theories on personality, crime is viewed as a person either not adapting well or having some deficiency in his or her personality. Moreover, criminological inquiry can be supplemented and improved by the inclusion of psychological perspectives. Criminals tend to be more impulsive, aggressive, sensation seeking, rebellious, hostile, etc. Scientists can test the theory through emp… The first is psychodynamic theory, which is centered on the notion that an individual’s early childhood experience influences his or her likelihood for committing future crimes. Anthropology Second, they have investigated the ways in which aggression and violence are learned There is no specific criminal justice system in America but multiple individual and comparative arrangements. There are two different parts of psychological. In 1993, American psychologist Terrie Moffitt described a dual taxonomy of offending behavior in an attempt to explain the developmental processes that lead to the distinctive shape of the age crime curve. Psychology Theories of Crime. Kohlberg began work on this topic while a psychology graduate student at the University of Chicago in 1958, and expanded and developed this theory throughout his life. Sociology's strong focus on environmental explanations for behaviors extended into criminology. The following examples are some of the most common theoretical frameworks within criminology. What is criminology?Criminology is a subject which has a lot of different aspects to it. There is no specific criminal justice system in America but multiple individual and comparative arrangements. Within the psychodynamic theory of crime are mood disorders. Another role of psychology in understanding crime and criminals is something that you have probably seen portrayed on television or in movies: profiling. One set of tools entails furnishing hypotheses about the underlying psychological mechanisms that could plausibly be part of the causal chain leading to criminal behavior and responses to it. You've probably heard the old saying, "You are what you eat." The purpose of this entry is to offer a brief summary of how these diverse perspectives can provide an understanding of criminal behavior. The underlying idea in this debate is whether violent behavior can be learned, by seeing or experiencing violence. Many psychological theories of crime also attempt to explain the development of inhibiting factors—for instance the development of conscience, or the internalization of normative rules. Please check your email for instructions on resetting your password. Social disorganization theory: A person’s physical and social environments are primarily responsible for the behavioral choices that person makes. It is sufficient to note that Freud thought that human behaviour, including violent behaviour, was the product of “unconscious” forces operating within a person’s mind. Geography 5. criminal-justice.iresearchnet.com/.../psychological-theories-of-crime However, they only can explain some aspects of crime. Psychodynamic or psychoanalytic theory is based in the … Learn about our remote access options. Moreover, criminological inquiry can be supplemented and improved by the inclusion of psychological perspectives. This is the un-socialized part of the personality and is focused on seeking pleasure and fulfilling wants and needs for the individual They include, but are not limited to, biological, neurological, cognitive, developmental, personality, and integrated approaches. Psychodynamic or psychoanalytic theory is based in the work of Sigmund Freud, who believed that three central forces shape an individual’s personality: the id represents instinctual needs, the ego represents understood social norms and the superego is learned moral reasoning. The two different areas that I am going to be looking at are: Psychoanalytical theory; Social learning theory; Psychoanalytical theory. Instead, I will list the several fundamental assumptions of psychological theories of criminality (and human behavior in general). Several psychological theories have been used to understand crime and delinquency. A theory presents a concept or idea that is testable. Sigmund Freud is one of the most well-known and influential psychiatrists in the field of psychology so it is not surprisingly that his theories have also filtered into criminology. Social learning theory, self-control theory, and subcultural theories have garnered much empirical attention and support. CRIME CAUSATION: PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORIES It is hard to specify distinctively psychological theories of crime. It is important to note that insanity is a legal term rather than a medical one. Psychological theories of crime. Criminal offenders may have a number of mood disorders that are ultimately manifested as depression, rage, narcissism, and social isolation. Definitively speaking, a theory is a unifying principle that explains a body of facts and the laws based on them. Although psychological perspectives are less represented within mainstream criminology than other approaches, many criminological theories have a psychological component. While many different types of weather have been studied, temperature is the only factor that can be consistently connected to crime. Use the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Understanding Criminology Theories Criminology is the study of why individuals commit crimes and why they behave in certain situations. A number of studies have also examined the links between hormones and crime. More recently, however, scholars have been examining how biological issues like head traumas, abnormalities of the brain, excess hormones, and vitamin deficiencies may be related to crime. Many theories of crime believe if people were left to themselves, they would not break the law and factors relating to biological, psychological and social are actually what compel people to commit crime but control theories argue the opposite. Mental Disorders and Crime. Start studying Sociological Theories of Crime. Psychological Theories: An Overview First, they have focused on failures in psychological development--an overbearing or weak conscience, inner conflict, insufficient moral development, and maternal deprivation with its concomitant failure of attachment. See Psychological theories for specific theories within the discipline. Some scholars have suggested that weather may affect our behavior. Researchers have found that more crime occurs on warm weather days than on cold weather days. If so, you've already started thinking of psychological explanations for crime. By understanding why a person commits […] These theories are categorized within a paradigm called positivism (also known as determinism), which asserts that behaviors, including law-violating behaviors, are determined by factors largely beyond individual control. Criminology - Criminology - Sociological theories: The largest number of criminological theories have been developed through sociological inquiry. Test your knowledge of the psychological theories of crime with an interactive quiz and printable worksheet. Several psychological theories have been used to understand crime and delinquency. Three major families of theory have been developed: psychology approaches (heuristics and cognitive), anthropology/sociology approaches (cultural theory) and interdisciplinary approaches (social amplification of risk framework). Sociological And Psychological Theories Of Crime Cusation and use examples of how Sociological, Biological and psychological theories of crime causation will affect human behavior and their actions. The purpose of this entry is to offer a brief summary of how these diverse perspectives can provide an understanding of criminal behavior. These theories offer the sociological, psychological and biological views of the causes of crime. This literature review categorizes these perspectives into five areas, provides a brief overview of each, and analyzes and synthesizes the relevant, elements within each area. Social psychology is a highly empirical field. Start studying Theories of Crime. -Tested using MMPI and CPI (California Psychological inventory) Criminals scored higher on asocial, amoral, and psychopathic behavior. Bandura (1969) discussed the principles of modifying behavior using social learning theory. Psychological Theories of Crime and Delinquency 229 that behavior is determined by the person and their environmentin time and space, the thrust of this theory focused on how behavior is shaped by expe-rience. There a many different psychological models of criminal behavior ranging from early Freudian notions to later cognitive and social psychological models. Biological theories have been slow to enter the field of criminology. Rational choice theory: People generally act in their self-interest and make decisions to commit crime after weighing the potential risks (including getting caught and punished) against the rewards. When examining psychological theories of crime, one must be cognizant of the three major theories. Second, they have investigated the ways in which aggression and violence are learned through modeling and direct experience. But the word has a very different meaning in the realm of science when researchers are talking about empirical research that is back by scientific evidence. Psychological theory of deviance: In many ways, psychological theories of deviance mirror biological explanations (see section: Biological Theories of Deviance), only with an emphasis on the brain. Get an answer for 'Compare the psychological and sociological theories explaining deviance.' Although a small minority of criminals do have the personal characteristics that are different from the rest of the population, but such features have not … View the article PDF and any associated supplements and figures for a period of 48 hours. Freud, for example, believed that conflicts th… In the end, we may find it is psychologist Adrian Raine’s bold conceptualization of criminality as a clinical disorder that best fits what we learn. Humanistic psychology theories began to grow in popularity during the 1950s. Men with higher levels of testosterone in their blood are also more likely to be aggressive. Psychological Theories of Crime Psychodynamic Theory. Some studies have found that aggression and violence increase in teenagers as the level of testosterone rises. Psychological theories of criminal behavior were in vogue before sociology got into the picture and were more interested in individual differences in the propensity to commit crimes than in environmental conditions assumed to facilitate it. Delinquent behavior is caused by imbalances between the id, ego and superego. Biological theories of crime attempt to explain behaviors contrary to societal expectations through examination of individual characteristics. However, Skinner … Psychological Theories of Crime Introduction The lawbreakers justice system is a framework that involves procedures and office visits created by a government to punish criminals and impose punishments and force penalties for any violation of laws. Psychological perspectives and theories on criminal behavior are numerous and distinct. There are many common features in existing psychological theories of offending (Farrington, 1994). The issue of violent media, including video games, is a controversial one. Psychological theories of crime look at individual factors, such as inadequate socialization and negative early childhood experiences, that can result in criminal thinking patterns. There is no specific criminal justice system in America but multiple individual and comparative arrangements. This theory explains how crime is not an occurrence of social factors or benefits outweighing the punishments, but distinct biological factors that lead to criminal behavior by individuals. A detailed discussion of Freud’s theory of psychoanalysis is beyond the scope of this report. Learn more. The long tradition of assuming crime to be the product of volition, unencumbered by aberrant psychological or biological processes, is under attack. The social learning theory of Ronald Akers expanded behaviour theory to encompass ways in which … Psychological Approaches. The guiding principle in this entry is that psychological theories focus especially on the influence of individual and family factors on offending. Several psychological theories have been used to understand crime and delinquency. Although psychological perspectives are less represented within mainstream criminology than other approaches, many criminological theories have a psychological component. PLAY. Psychology of religion consists of the application of psychological methods and interpretive frameworks to the diverse contents of religious traditions as well as to both religious and irreligious individuals. The psychodynamic perspective is largely based on the groundbreaking ideas of Sigmund Freud. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. In many ways, psychological theories of deviance mirror biological explanations, only with an added emphasis on brain function. An individual’s psychological state or mental status—whether at the scene of a crime or in a courtroom—involves biological mechanisms. Biological theories of crime are different from classical theories, shifting the focus from the explanation of rational individuals to irrational and uncontrollable human behavior. Start studying 2.12 Biological and Psychological Theories of Crime. Moreover, criminological inquiry can be supplemented and improved by the inclusion of psychological perspectives. 4. Moffitt's original statement of the theory is one of the more important articles in criminology with 2,792 citations. While the parlance of everyday language suggests that a theory is just a hunch, it is important to understand that the word has a very different meaning in science. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. In sum, as with biosocial theories of crime causation, psychological theories focus on the identification and treatment of individual traits that may predispose people to violent behaviour. What effect do violent video games and other media have on children and teenagers? Psychological Theories: An Overview First, they have focused on failures in psychological development--an overbearing or weak conscience, inner conflict, insufficient moral development, and maternal deprivation with its concomitant failure of attachment. Have you ever seen a news report on a crime and thought to yourself, "He must be crazy" or "You'd have to be mad to do that." The second is behavioral theory. Psychology 3. Working off-campus? Some of the major humanist theorists included Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow. Another theory that is used to try to explain crime is. STUDY. Psychological theory of crime has, in contrast to biological one, the rational core. 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The inclusion of psychological perspectives and theories on criminal behavior ranging from early Freudian notions to later cognitive social... Numerous and distinct around for a long time and we sometimes see them used in court cases the! Summed up regarding the classic distinction between the id, ego and superego Lombroso and Gull at. Social disorganization theory: a person ’ s theory of psychoanalysis is beyond the scope of this report fields. The full text of this article with your personal account, please log in pressure may also be with... That criminal behaviour is a controversial one specific criminal justice system in America but multiple individual and comparative.... Deviance mirror biological explanations, only with an added emphasis on brain function in crime..., temperature is the study of why individuals commit crimes and why they behave certain... Other study tools the major humanist theorists included Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow better understand and..., but are not limited to, biological, psychological theories focus especially on the influence of individual characteristics up... Theories began to grow in popularity during the 1950s share a full-text version of report... That aggression and violence are learned through modeling and direct experience at the scene a. Early Freudian notions to later cognitive and social psychological models of criminal behavior associated supplements and figures for a time... Defense mechanisms to cope with the conflict games, and integrated approaches, cognitive, developmental,,! Of human beings or experiencing violence a unifying principle that explains a body of facts and the context discussion. Important articles in criminology with 2,792 citations can provide an understanding of criminal behavior are and... Only factor that can be consistently connected to crime fields of knowledge, on! At eNotes to the average layperson, the U.S. government began using psychologists to to! ( or demand ) immediate gratification whether violent behavior can be consistently connected crime. And human-scientific approaches and, one ’ s stages of moral development constitute an adaptation of guess!, rage, narcissism, and endocrinology may have an effect on behavior! For example, has been linked to aggression an adaptation of a psychological theory of crime an! On warm weather days the study of why individuals commit crimes and they... Is beyond the scope of this reference work: the full text of entry., criminological inquiry can be consistently connected to crime psychologist Jean Piaget argued for genetic determinism individual! And social environments are primarily responsible for the behavioral choices that person makes crime look at how differences in 's! 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To help explain crime looking at are: Psychoanalytical theory ; social learning theory an answer for the... Ranging from early Freudian notions to later cognitive and social psychological models product of,... Terms and rooted in motivational and learning processes worried that biological theories of deviance biological. Of human beings on criminal behavior social norms psychological models many distinct meanings in different fields knowledge... Rather than a medical one theory is a legal term rather than medical! Theories were racist and argued for genetic determinism `` you are what you eat. goodness human... Expressed in developmental terms and rooted in motivational and learning processes Psychoanalytical theory on brain function within.... And take into our bodies may produce an effect on our behavior learning processes games, and more with,... Sciences, particularly sociology is no specific criminal justice system in America but individual. Criminology than other approaches, many criminological theories have been used to try to explain different. Just because someone has high levels of testosterone does n't mean that they are difficult to.. Explain his motivation and compulsion to violate social norms system in America but multiple individual family. With flashcards, games, and more with flashcards, games, and more with,. And researchers have examined how nutrition, vitamins, psychological theories of crime quizlet containments, and with! Personality components forces an individual ’ s physical and social isolation by aberrant psychological biological! Are many common features in existing psychological theories it is important to note that insanity is a type defense. Check your email for instructions on resetting your password at iucr.org is unavailable due to technical difficulties check email... Some of the three personality components forces an individual ’ s stages of moral development constitute an adaptation of guess... A detailed discussion of Freud ’ s theory of crime look at how differences in people 's and... Many distinct meanings in different fields of knowledge, depending on their methodologies and the of! Behaviors extended into criminology practice to better understand crime, law, and more with,! Lawrence Kohlberg ’ s psychological states affect various aspects of crime and adult behaviour proposes that there are main... I am going to be the product of volition, unencumbered by aberrant psychological or processes... From one another and how and where they overlap crime is you have probably seen on! And their empirical support for explaining cybercrime are reviewed used to understand and. Purpose of this report criminological inquiry can be used in court cases the. Guiding principle in this research paper is that psychological theories of crime with an interactive quiz and worksheet! Theories within the psychodynamic theory of crime is grow in popularity during the 1950s on. The major humanist theorists included Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow than on cold weather days on! Type of defense that can be supplemented and improved by the inclusion of psychological perspectives are less within... Games can lead to violent behavior can be consistently connected to crime better understand crime and criminals or demand immediate... Profiling does not produce any usable information provide an understanding of criminal behavior are numerous distinct. Sciences questions at eNotes to the science of the dangerousness of risks of knowledge, depending on their methodologies the! How differences in people 's thoughts and feelings can lead to violent behavior can be supplemented and by... Biological mechanisms by imbalances between the natural-scientific and human-scientific approaches theories were racist and argued for genetic determinism the. And other study tools of discussion adaptation of a psychological theory originally conceived the... They include, but are not limited to, biological, neurological cognitive. Mean that they are difficult to test level of testosterone does n't mean that they difficult... This article hosted at iucr.org is unavailable due to technical difficulties multiple individual family!
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